The Coffea arabica, commonly known as the Arabian coffee tree, is an iconic species of tropical regions. Native to the highlands of Ethiopia and Yemen, this coffee plant is the most widely cultivated in the world, producing the renowned Arabica coffee. The Coffea arabica, or Arabian coffee tree, is an evergreen shrub that typically grows between three and five metres tall in its natural habitat. However, in plantations, it is often pruned to around two metres to facilitate harvesting. Its dark green, glossy, oval-shaped leaves add a decorative touch, making it a valued feature in botanical gardens such as Au Bois Vert, near Ivato in Antananarivo.
Arabian coffee tree produces delicate, fragrant white flowers that grow in small clusters. Flowering usually occurs at the beginning of the rainy season, followed by the development of red or yellow berries, known as cherries, which contain two seeds – the coffee beans. The Coffea arabica thrives in rich, well-drained soils and temperatures ranging from 15 to 24°C. At the Au Bois Vert botanical garden, this plant offers visitors a tangible example of the connection between nature and gastronomy, fostering a deeper appreciation of both the local and global ecosystem.
Due to its low caffeine content and smooth, well-balanced flavour, Arabica coffee dominates the global market. The association of this plant with a setting such as the Au Bois Vert hotel and restaurant, near Antananarivo, highlights its cultural and economic significance.
Plant use
The Coffea arabica tree plays a vital role in the economies of tropical and subtropical countries. Once harvested, the seeds undergo fermentation, drying, and roasting before being used to prepare one of the world's most popular beverages: coffee. Beyond this, the plant has other uses—its leaves can be brewed into a delicate herbal infusion, while its cherries and pulp are utilised in certain regions for food products or cosmetics. In places such as the Au Bois Vert botanical garden, the significance of this plant extends beyond agriculture. It serves as an educational and tourist attraction. Visitors to the site, which includes a hotel, restaurant, and lodge, can learn about the history and benefits of coffee while exploring the region’s botanical diversity. By incorporating educational activities on coffee cultivation, the botanical garden in Ivato has become a destination for both nature enthusiasts and gastronomy lovers. Lastly, the Arabica coffee tree is also valued for its ability to enrich the soil, as its fallen leaves decompose rapidly. In environments such as Antananarivo, it plays a role in promoting sustainable agriculture while supporting biodiversity conservation.
Key information
| Common name | Arabian coffee tree |
| Scientific name | Coffea arabica |
| Origin | Ethiopia, Yemen |
| Natural habitat | Tropical mountain forests |
| Life cycle | Perennial |
| Flowering period | Start of the rainy season |
